Sex and Gender Disparities in Liver Disease
Gender and sex are two terms that are widely used interchangeably but, when pertaining to clinical research and as detailed in Table 1,1 should be separate and distinct. As shown in the table, sex-based research demonstrates its effect on disease onset, risk factors, prevalence, severity, signs and symptoms, and drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Research on gender has brought to light such important issues as gender inequality, gender stereotypes, and discrimination, which affect patients’ lives and well-being.