Author information

¹Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

²Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

³Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

⁴Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

⁵Boston Medical Center, Massachusetts.

⁶Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.

⁷Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts.

Abstract

Importance: Prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among pregnant people is increasing in the US. HCV is transmitted vertically in 7% to 8% of births. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy was recently approved for children with HCV who are 3 years or older. The clinical and economic impacts of early DAA therapy for young children with HCV, compared with treating at older ages, are unknown.

Objective: To develop a state-transition model to project clinical and economic outcomes for children with perinatally acquired HCV to investigate the cost-effectiveness of treating at various ages.

Design, setting, and participants: The study team modeled the natural history of perinatally acquired HCV to simulate disease progression and costs of a simulated a cohort of 1000 US children with HCV from 3 years old through death. Added data were analyzed January 5, 2021, through July 1, 2022.

Interventions: The study compared strategies offering 8 weeks of DAA therapy at 3, 6, 12, or 18 years old, as well as a comparator of never treating HCV.

Main outcomes and measures: Outcomes of interest include life expectancy from 3 years and average lifetime per-person health care costs. Other clinical outcomes include cases of cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Results: The study team projected that treating HCV at 3 years old was associated with lower mean lifetime per-person health care costs ($148 162) than deferring treatment until 6 years old ($164 292), 12 years old ($171 909), or 18 years old ($195 374). Projected life expectancy was longest when treating at 3 years old (78.36 life years [LYs]) and decreased with treatment deferral until 6 years old (76.10 LYs), 12 years old (75.99 LYs), and 18 years old (75.46 LYs). In a cohort of 1000 children with perinatally acquired HCV, treating at 3 years old prevented 89 projected cases of cirrhosis, 27 cases of HCC, and 74 liver-related deaths compared with deferring treatment until 6 years old. In sensitivity analyses, increasing loss to follow-up led to even greater clinical benefits and cost savings with earlier treatment.

Conclusions and relevance: These study results showed that DAA therapy for 3-year-old children was projected to reduce health care costs and increase survival compared with deferral until age 6 years or older. Measures to increase DAA access for young children will be important to realizing these benefits.